Using a structural equation modeling approach, this study investigates the relationships between second language (L2) oral proficiency and interest in learning target (L2 interest), presence of potential mediating variables (i.e. perceived importance speaking, out-of-class contact with L2 resources). It also examines if interactive noninteractive function differently model. Data were collected ...

This paper investigates the speech rhythm of Porteño (Buenos Aires) Spanish (PORTE), which is strongly influenced by Italian due to migration-induced contact, and L2 Peninsular Spanish, produced by Italian natives (SPA L2). It is hypothesized that Italian learners transfer the rhythmic values of their L1 to the target language Spanish and that the data produced by speakers of both the contact v...

T cells recognize short linear peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-encoded molecules. Subtle molecular changes in peptide antigens produce altered peptide ligands (APLs), which induce different T cell responses from those induced by the antigenic ligand. A molecular basis for how these slight molecular variations lead to such different consequences for the T cell has not be...

T cells recognize short linear peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex ( M H C ) encoded molecules. Subtle molecular changes in peptide antigens produce altered peptide ligands (APLs), which induce different T cell responses from those induced by the antigenic ligand. A molecular basis for how these slight molecular variations lead to such different consequences for the T cell has no...

This study examined how motivation for learning English, the amount of contact with English, and  length  of  residence  in  the  target language area affects Korean graduate students’ English pragmatic skills. The study attempted to account for differential pragmatic development among 50  graduate-level  Korean  students  in  relation  to  individual  factors  mentioned  above.  The  data were...

Abstract We investigated bidirectional cross-linguistic influence on motion event (ME) expressions in bilingual speakers of two typological different languages (Talmy’s typology), Spanish (as L1) and English L2). Specifically, we whether struggle to learn ME the L2, this process affects uses L1. Potential effects L2 proficiency AoA both L1 was also studied. elicited from 6-second video-clips we...

One proposed mechanism of language change concerns the role played by second-language (L2) learners in situations contact. If sufficiently many L2 speakers are present a speech community relation to number first-language (L1) speakers, then those features which difficulty acquisition may be prone disappearing from language. This paper presents mathematical account such contact based on stochast...

Stimulation of a principal whisker yields sparse action potential (AP) spiking in layer 2/3 (L2/3) pyramidal neurons in a cortical column of rat barrel cortex. The low AP rates in pyramidal neurons could be explained by activation of interneurons in L2/3 providing inhibition onto L2/3 pyramidal neurons. L2/3 interneurons classified as local inhibitors based on their axonal projection in the sam...

This paper is based upon a longitudinal study of L2 attrition in a bilingual child who grew up in an L2 migration background (Germany) and moved to the country of origin (Portugal) at the age of nine, experiencing a dominance shift from the L2 to the L1. The study aims to analyze the effects of language loss in L2 German. Data collection started 3 weeks after the child's immersion in the Portug...

Previous studies on bilingualism have focused on the more salient effects of the first language (L1) on the second language (L2). This study looks at the effects of the L2 on the L1 by comparing two language dominance groups in their production of non-referential verb phrases. Data from the two language dominance groups are compared, yielding an examination of the kinds of transfer effects that...